R12 Patching
Standalone patches
This is patch is used to fix single/particular problem.
Mini Pack
This is group of oneoff patches for a particular product like INV, GL, AP and named like 11i.GL.E ( means this group of patches contain fix for 11i GL product)
Maintenance Pack
Group of family pack together is called as maintenance pack. So if you say your Verison is 11.5.10 then its maintenance pack 10
Few one off patch make mini pack , few mini pack bundeled together as family pack & all family pack are bundeled to Maintenance pack
NLS Patch is for Language pack